How does EV charging system work?
The Polestar 2 is a battery electric 5-door liftback produced by the Swedish automaker Volvo under its Polestar sub-brand. Based on the CMA platform, production began in March 2020[8] at the Luqiao CMA Super Factory in Luqiao, Zhejiang, China.[9]
Overview
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Rear viewThe concept car that precedes its design was called the Volvo Concept 40.2. It was designed by Thomas Ingenlath alongside the Volvo Concept 40.1, which later became the basis of the XC40. These two concept cars were both unveiled in 2016. However, Volvo decided to shift their focus to small crossovers later that year.[10] Therefore, Polestar picked the 40.2 as the basis for their Polestar 2 design.[11] Volvo's exterior design chief Maximilian Missoni tweaked the car's taillights, grille, and wheels in order to differentiate it as a standalone vehicle.[12] The Polestar 2 is also the first car with Google's Android Automotive operating system built in.
Polestar 2 is the second car under the Polestar brand after the Polestar 1. Polestar 1 is however a plug-in hybrid and limited production vehicle, making the Polestar 2 the first battery electric vehicle and mass production Polestar vehicle in the Volvo Car Group.[citation needed]
The production version was officially unveiled on 27 February 2019 during an internet livestream and made its first public appearance at the 2019 Geneva Motor Show that month.[13] The car has a starting suggested retail price of US$49,900 as of October 2021.[14] For the 2022 model year, Polestar announced that additional options would be available for the Polestar 2.
2024 facelift
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Polestar 2 2024 faceliftAn updated Polestar 2 was revealed in January 2023 for the 2024 model year, with rear-wheel drive becoming the standard drivetrain for the entry-level model instead of the previous front-wheel drive. The single motor model was upgraded to produce 299 hp (303 PS; 223 kW) and 361 lb⋅ft (489 N⋅m) of torque, an increase of 68 hp (69 PS; 51 kW) and 118 lb⋅ft (160 N⋅m), resulting in a 1.1 second faster 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) time - now 5.9 seconds. The long range trim's battery was also upgraded to a capacity of 82 kWh. The powertrain of the dual-motor model's output was raised by 13 hp (13 PS; 9.7 kW) and 79 lb⋅ft (107 N⋅m) for a total of 421 hp (427 PS; 314 kW) and 546 lb⋅ft (740 N⋅m), enabling a 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) time of 4.3 seconds. Dual-motor models, now using an asynchronous motor in the front, will be able to disengage the front axle to increase efficiency and range.[15]
The front end also received an update, exchanging its grid-like grille for a more covered version, with an array of sensors and a camera in the center. In addition, the Pilot Pack will come standard for dual-motor models in the North American market.[15]
BST edition 270 / 230
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BST edition 270 2023 Polestar 2 BST Edition 230Launched in March 2023, the BST edition 230 is similar to the BST edition 270 introduced in June 2022,[16] with changes including different colors and the grille insert coming from the facelifted Polestar 2.[17]
Technical upgrades include a suspension lowered by 25 mm (0.98 in), manually adjustable Öhlins dampers and improved performance, with the two electric motors having been tuned to produce a combined output of 470 hp (480 PS; 350 kW).[18]
Safety
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InteriorThe Polestar 2 is designed to protect the battery pack during an impact and automatically disconnect it after a collision. On both front ends a SPOC (Severe Partial Overlap Crash) block is attached to mitigate the crash forces and prevent any material entering the occupant compartment. The Polestar 2 also features a centre airbag to protect from far-side impacts.[19]
The Polestar 2 obtained a 5-star 2021 Euro NCAP rating with a 92% score for protection of adults, 89% for protection of children, 80% for protection of vulnerable road users and 86% for safety assist.[20]
A seatbelt reminder system is fitted as standard equipment to the front and rear seats.
A driver-monitoring system monitors steering inputs and warns the driver if it detects those which are characteristic of drowsy driving. A speed assistance system is fitted as standard. The speed limitation information system did not meet Euro NCAP's requirements. The speed limiter can be set manually, and points were awarded for that part of the speed assistance system. A lane assistance system gently steers the car if it is drifting out of lane and also intervenes more aggressively in some critical situations.
In tests of its reaction to other vehicles, the AEB system performed well, with collisions avoided in almost all test situations.
Euro NCAP[20]
Recalls
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In October 2020, Polestar issued a recall on all Polestar 2 models due to a software defect that caused loss of power to the vehicle whilst driving. As the vehicles were not capable of OTA software updates at that time it required all of the vehicles to be recalled to a service centre for a manual software update.[21]
Later the same month a second recall was issued due to faulty inverters.[22]
Specifications
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Standard Range – Single Motor Long Range – Single Motor Long Range – Dual Motor Markets Europe North America, Europe North America, Europe Powertrain RWD AWD Range WLTP: 473 km (294 mi) EPA: 435 km (270 mi)WLTP: 540 km (340 mi)
EPA: 401 km (249 mi)WLTP: 481 km (299 mi)
Efficiency WLTP: 171–180 Wh/km (275–290 Wh/mi) EPA: 193 Wh/km (311 Wh/mi)WLTP: 171–183 Wh/km (275–295 Wh/mi)
EPA: 236 Wh/km (380 Wh/mi)WLTP: 194–203 Wh/km (312–327 Wh/mi)
Battery capacity 64 kWh (usable)69 kWh (gross)
75 kWh (usable)78 kWh (gross)
DC charging 130 kW 155 kW AC charging 11 kW Charging time[23] 100%: 420 minutes (AC 3-phase Wallbox/charging station 11.0 kW); 80%: 35 minutes (DC charging station 116.0 kW) 100%: 420 minutes (AC 3-phase wallbox/charging station 11.0 kW); 80%: 35 minutes (DC charging station 155.0 kW) 100%: 420 minutes (AC 3-phase wallbox/charging station 11.0 kW); 80%: 40 minutes (DC charging station 150.0 kW) Motor Single Front Permanent-magnet synchronous motor Single Front Permanent-magnet synchronous motor (2022-2023)Single Rear Permanent-magnet synchronous motor (2024+)
Dual Permanent-magnet synchronous motors Curb weight 1,940 kg (4,280 lb) 2,040 kg (4,500 lb) 2,150 kg (4,740 lb) Power (peak, vehicle) 170 kW (230 hp) 350 kW (470 hp) Torque (peak, vehicle) 330 N⋅m (240 ft⋅lb) 660 N⋅m (490 ft⋅lb) Acceleration 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h)7.0 seconds
0–60 mph (0–97 km/h)4.0 seconds
Top speed 161 km/h (100 mph) 205 km/h (127 mph)From September 2021 to March 2022, the Polestar 2 Single Motor Standard Range with a 64 kWh battery and 165 kW power, 224 hp was available in Europe. The battery for this version was made by CATL. The 64 kWh and 165 kW power version is available until now in China, as the only Single Motor Standard Range version.[24]
Environment
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Using the ISO 14044 method, Polestar 2 has lower life-cycle emissions than the XC40 when driving more than 35,000 to 80,000 kilometres (22,000 to 50,000 mi), depending on conditions.[25]
Delivery
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Polestar's factory is located in Chengdu, China.[26] All cars for the European market get shipped to Shanghai, China, by train. In Shanghai, the car gets placed on a boat to Zeebrugge, Belgium. In Zeebrugge, the European cars get approved after European new-car rules before getting shipped to the destination country.[27]
References
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Let’s explore the fascinating world of electric vehicles (EVs) and how they get charged up! We’ll uncover the secrets behind EV charging and the equipment that makes it all work. If you’ve ever asked yourself, “What is EV charging?” then you’ve come to the right place. By the end of this article, you’ll have a solid understanding of EV charging and how it works, which can be immensely useful if you’re considering owning an electric vehicle in the near future.
Electric Vehicle (EV) charging refers to the process of replenishing the energy in the battery of an electric vehicle. This is done by connecting the EV to a charging station or charger. A charging station, also known as an EV charging station or Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) supplies electricity to charge EVs. There are different types of EV chargers, including level 1 chargers, level 2 chargers, and DC fast chargers.
Level 1 chargers are typically used at home or at workplaces and provide a low charging capacity by using a standard AC power outlet. Level 2 chargers, on the other hand, offer a higher charging capacity and can charge an electric vehicle faster. These chargers require a dedicated charging station and are commonly found in public charging stations or places where EVs are parked for an extended period, such as parking lots or shopping malls.
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DC fast chargers, which is the fastest electric car charging type available, provides an even higher charging capacity and can charge an EV much faster compared to level 1 and level 2 chargers. These chargers use direct current (DC) to charge the vehicle’s battery and are ideal for long-distance travel or when the EV driver needs a quick charge.
To access EV charging, an EV driver needs to find a charging station, either through a mobile app or a dedicated website. The charge point operator, who owns and maintains the charging station, often provides a networked charger that allows EV drivers to pay for the charging session. The EV driver can initiate the charging process by connecting the EV charger to the vehicle’s charging port. The charger then communicates with the vehicle to manage the charging process and regulate the flow of electricity.
Home and commercial EV charging solutions are becoming more prevalent as the demand for electric cars increases, and governments incentivize their adoption to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, as the availability of renewable energy sources grows, EV charging stations are increasingly powered by clean energy. This allows electric car drivers to contribute to a sustainable future by reducing their carbon footprint.
The Future of Electric Vehicles
Electric vehicles, or electric cars, are vehicles that are powered solely by electricity. They have an electric motor instead of a traditional internal combustion engine, which means they produce zero tailpipe emissions. This makes them an environmentally-friendly alternative to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, especially in a time when reducing carbon emissions is critical to combating climate change.
The popularity of electric vehicles has been steadily growing in recent years due to several factors. First and foremost, they offer significant environmental benefits. By switching to electric cars, we can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and decrease air pollution. Electric vehicles also have lower operating costs compared to traditional cars, as electricity is generally cheaper than gasoline, and they require less maintenance since they have fewer moving parts.
Furthermore, the continuous technological advancements in electric vehicle technology have resulted in increased driving ranges and improved performance. Modern electric cars can often travel more than 200 miles on a single charge, making them a practical option for everyday use. Additionally, electric vehicles are becoming more affordable as the cost of battery technology decreases and government incentives are introduced to encourage their adoption.
However, one of the main challenges faced by electric vehicle owners is finding convenient and accessible EV charging infrastructure. EV charging refers to the process of recharging the batteries of electric vehicles. Unlike traditional vehicles that can fill up at any gas station, electric cars require charging stations equipped with specific charging equipment.
Electric vehicle charging infrastructure ranges from slow chargers that take several hours to charge a vehicle, to fast chargers that can provide a significant battery boost in just minutes. The availability and accessibility of charging stations vary greatly depending on the region. Charging stations can be found in public spaces like parking lots, shopping centers, and along highways, as well as in private spaces such as homes and workplaces.
The growth of the EV charging network is crucial for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles. It provides peace of mind to owners, knowing that they can easily find a place to charge their vehicles wherever they go. Many governments and organizations are investing in expanding the charging infrastructure to encourage the transition to electric transportation.
One of the key technologies driving the advancement of EV charging is smart charging. Smart charging systems allow electric vehicles to communicate with the grid, enabling more efficient and cost-effective charging. These systems can take advantage of off-peak hours when electricity demand is lower, reducing strain on the grid and taking advantage of cheaper electricity rates.
In conclusion, electric vehicles are more than just a passing trend. They present a promising future for transportation with their environmental benefits, cost savings, and technological advancements. As the adoption of electric vehicles continues to increase, the development of a robust and accessible EV charging infrastructure is crucial. With a clear understanding of EV charging, individuals can confidently embrace electric vehicles and contribute to the transition to a cleaner and more sustainable transportation system.
What is an EV Charging Station?
An electric vehicle (EV) charging station, also commonly called a charge point or electric vehicle supply equipment, is a device specifically designed to supply electrical power for recharging plug-in electric vehicles. These charging stations come in two primary types: AC charging stations and DC charging stations. Their purpose is to provide a convenient and efficient means for EV owners to recharge their vehicles, ensuring that they have sufficient power for their daily or long-distance journeys.
What is EV Charging?
EV charging refers to the process of replenishing the battery of an electric vehicle (EV) with electricity. This can be done through various methods and at different locations such as home charging, public charging stations, or dedicated EV charging equipment installed at businesses – commonly known as workplace charging.
There are different types of EV chargers available, such as level 1 and level 2 chargers. Level 1 chargers use a standard household electrical outlet (AC power) and are typically slower, providing an average of 3-5 miles of driving range per hour of electric car charging. Level 2 chargers, on the other hand, require a dedicated charging station or wall connector to operate, offering faster charging speeds than level 1 chargers.
Another type of EV charging and the fastest option is DC fast charging. DC fast chargers, also known as Level 3 chargers, use a high-powered direct current (DC) to rapidly charge an EV’s battery. These chargers can significantly reduce charging times, enabling an electric car to gain up to 80% of its battery charge within 30 minutes. Notably, the Tesla Supercharger network is an example of a widely known and utilized DC fast charging solution available exclusively for Tesla vehicles.
Public charging stations are essential infrastructure for electric vehicle (EV) owners, offering them convenient access to charge their vehicles when they are on the move. These stations are strategically placed in various locations such as parking lots, shopping centers, and rest areas, to ensure widespread availability for EV drivers.
Equipped with multiple charge points, these stations can accommodate multiple electric cars simultaneously. This feature is crucial, as it mitigates long wait times and allows drivers to charge their vehicles efficiently. By facilitating multiple charging sessions, public charging stations promote the widespread adoption of electric vehicles and encourage more people to consider this environmentally friendly mode of transportation. To manage these charging stations effectively, a charge point operator is typically responsible for their operation, maintenance, and billing processes. This operator ensures that the chargers are in proper working condition, coordinates repairs if needed, and handles any billing issues that may arise. This seamless management ensures a smooth charging experience for EV drivers and enables the sustainability of public charging infrastructure.
As technology advances, most public charging stations are now networked, meaning they can be accessed remotely through a mobile app or website. This enhances user experience by providing real-time information on the availability of charging spots, allowing drivers to plan their charging sessions in advance. Additionally, EV owners can reserve charging spots through these apps, eliminating any uncertainties or frustrations arising from arriving at a station only to find all the chargers occupied.
Moreover, networked charging stations allow users to monitor their charging sessions remotely. They can check the progress of their charge, receive notifications when their vehicle is fully charged, and even track their charging history. This level of connectivity and accessibility provides EV owners with a seamless charging experience and promotes their confidence in electric vehicles as a reliable means of transportation.
What Does it Cost to Charge an EV?
One of the most common questions asked by prospective EV owners is, “What does it cost to charge an EV?” The cost of charging an EV can vary widely depending on several factors such as your location, the type of EV charger you’re using, and your electricity provider’s utility rates. Electric vehicle charging can be done through different solutions, with two popular options being level 1 charging and level 2 charging. Level 1 charging refers to plugging the EV into a standard household outlet, while level 2 charging utilizes a dedicated level 2 charger.
Level 2 chargers, such as a smart charging solution, provide faster charging speeds compared to level 1 chargers, making them more convenient for electric car drivers. Additionally, for those in a hurry, a dc fast charger, often found in public charging stations, allows for even faster charging times. It is important to note that the cost of charging an EV also depends on the capacity of the EV battery and its efficiency. For example, a Tesla vehicle with a larger battery capacity may require more electricity to fully charge compared to a smaller electric car. Furthermore, the cost of electricity can vary based on geographical location and the rates set by your electricity provider.
Therefore, it is recommended to research and compare different charging options, including the associated costs with your electrical utility provider, before investing in an electric vehicle charging infrastructure.
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